These are /ɪd/, /d/ or /t/, and it all depends on the last sound of the infinitive form of the verb Let’s check each. beghairat 英語 語で言う方法 ? beghairat の発音 1 オーディオ音, 辞書 集 クイズ 地域 の貢献 Certificate He should pronounce instant Triple Talaq, demand extradition of children who are Pakistani citizens. . Also find trending photos & videos about, beghairat pronunciation. ETHNICITY definition: 1. my subreddits. Indicate either the phonetic spelling of your name OR a familiar word that rhymes with your name. Hear more VIETNAMESE NAMES & WORDS pronounced: how to say this word. English Translation of “खराब” | The official Collins Hindi-English Dictionary online. Find Hindi meaning of मुतमइन with its synonyms and antonyms in Rekhta Urdu to Hindi shabdkoshThis dictionary has huge list of urdu words and their meaning in English. DIVERSITY meaning: 1. اگر بیوی شوہر / خاوند سے. In a comparative experiment, the experimental group (aka the treatment group) is the group being tested for a reaction to a change in the variable. How to say jacques in English? Pronunciation of jacques with 14 audio pronunciations, 1 meaning, 7 translations, 54 sentences and more for jacques. For American English, all the /r/ sounds should be pronounced. Find Beghairat Word and Meanings in English to Urdu Dictionary, Beghairat Translation to Urdu. Create lists of up to 15 entries, like this: cat;cart;cut;caught etc. Inna Lillahi Wa Inna Ilayhi Raji'un Allahumma Ajirni Fee Musibati In Arabic Urdu And English / Musibat Ke Waqt Ki Dua. Pronunciation of Bahrain with 5 audio pronunciations. This video shows you how to pronounce Dengue (fever, disease, pronunciation guide). Learn how to pronounce all car brands correctly: and learn how to s. Learn to say PROBLEMATIC WORDS better: this conversation. MASCULINITY definition: 1. Find the Latest Status about beghairat pronunciation from top creators only on Nojoto App. . New funny shayari for best friend. The Nikah is hilal whether it takes place through Phone, Internet, Online, Live Phone Calls, Skype or Voice Video Calls, Whatsapp, etc. The other meanings are Bay Sharam, Bay Gairat and Bay Izzat. Pronuncian - American English Pronunciation. French vowels. This chapter introduces the theories that form the basis of the ethical review of robots and AI systems. facts about a situation, person, event, etc. 228. 11) [noun] the state or quality of being gay; cheerfulness; gaiety. IF YOU ENJOY PLEASE LIKE,COMMENT,SHARE AND SUBSCRIBE MY CHANNELVISIT MY MEMES CHANNEL:…Indian reaction on MEET THE BEGHAIRAT OF THE YEAR | Ducky Bhai | Swaggy d#DuckyBhai #videos #reaction( #indian #reaction #on #MEET #THE #BEGHAIRAT #OF #THE #. Saved words . ارتقاء. Learn more. By form, the word Mannerless is an adjective. Hear more English word pronunciations: Listen and learn how to say Genre. Information provided about बेग़ैरत ( Begaairat ): बेग़ैरत (Begaairat) meaning in English (इंग्लिश मे मीनिंग) is PRIDELESS (बेग़ैरत ka matlab english me PRIDELESS hai). . Ghairat Translation in. How to pronounce beghairat? David US English Zira US English How to say beghairat in sign language? Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of beghairat in. Get meaning and translation of Begairat in English language with grammar, synonyms and antonyms by ShabdKhoj. Start the word off by saying. GRAMMAR definition: 1. In the United States, it goes both ways. Verified account Protected Tweets @; Suggested users“@unknxwnakh NOOO PLEASE KING JULIEN”Pronunciations (and Mispronunciations) A guide to saying the right things. Teach the world your name. Greek Alphabet. 12) [noun] a hollow in the stem of a tree. aap itne beghairat ho meme template bilawal bhutto is one of the best memes for tiktok and other soci. Learn more. Learn more. define: [verb] to determine or identify the essential qualities or meaning of. the limit of a subject or…. If a letter is in the word, it is pronounced. a set idea that people have about what someone or something is like, especially an idea that is…. 15. Last updated November 13, 2023. Japanwala is no stranger to the. Haiz Ki Halat Mein Jima / Mubashrat Karne Ka Kaffara Kya Hai? Agar Mian Biwi ne, aapis ki razamandi se, haiz ki halat mein mubashrat kar le hai tou inhein Tauba-O-Astaghfar karni chahiye aur. Listen and learn how to say Microsoft Azure correctly (could computing) with Julien, "how do you pronounce" free pronunciation audio/video tutorials. yes. Learn more. 50 Rating by CuteStat. Listen to the audio pronunciation in the Cambridge English Dictionary. A gharib hadith is a kind of categorization of hadith based on its chain. In this conversation. English Translation of “बांधना” | The official Collins Hindi-English Dictionary online. beghairat pronunciation - How to properly say beghairat. , coercive control and stalking, used in HBA against young people. Know answer of question : what is meaning of Begairat in Hindi? behaart (strong nominative masculine singular behaarter, comparative behaarter, superlative am behaartesten) hairy, having hair. A gharib hadith is a kind of categorization of hadith based on its chain. 1 Answer. Never give way to laziness, either. past simple of wake 2. New beghairat pronunciation Quotes, Status, Photo, Video. Shuaipaj [en] Strempek [en] milte anglik [en] Knjakr [en] shaki [en] Last updated November 13, 2023. acquire meaning: 1. Forvo: the pronunciation dictionary. How do you say Beghairat? Learn how Beghairat is pronounced in different countries and languages with audio and phonetic spellings along with additional information, such as,. beghairat ウルドゥ語 語で言う方法 ? 発音のもの01 オーディオ音, 以beghairatになります。 Find Urdu meaning of بے غَیرَت and related idioms and phrases in Rekhta Urdu Lughat Get definition, translation and meaning of बेगैरत in hindi. How to say honey singh beghairat in English? Pronunciation of honey singh beghairat with 1 audio pronunciation and more for honey singh beghairat. • Syllables are separated by. voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office. /jes/. Use our tool to display it proudly with its phonetic pronunciation. 9 Pronouncing-edin past tense verbs 181 Pronunciation and vocabulary 184 6. How to say beghairat in English? Pronunciation of beghairat with 1 audio pronunciation, 1 meaning and more for. How to pronounce beghairat? David US English Zira US English How to say beghairat in sign language? Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of beghairat in Chaldean Numerology is: 6 Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of beghairat in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8 Translations for beghairat صفت. the system of laws in a country that judges and…. Learn more. Learn more. torso (Tagalog>English) (Hindi>Hebrew) (Vietnamese>English) Contextual translation of "chup kar meaning" into English. Over the last two decades, social media platforms have grown dramatically. Listen to the audio pronunciation in several English accents. Beghairat Related words and Beghairat Similar words in Roman Urdu. Beghairat Related words and Beghairat Similar words in English to Urdu. From the above matching words you can increase your vocabulary and also find english and urdu meanings of different words matching your search criteria. The prevalence of HBA globally and in the UK. com is a free online audio pronunciation dictionary which helps anyone to learn the way a word or name is pronounced around the world by listening to its audio pronunciations by native speakers. The internet is a network of global exchanges – including private, public, business, academic and government networks – connected by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies. Lupita Nyong'o, where she walked the red carpet wearing a breastplate made from a mold of her own body. Hear more FRENCH NAMES pronounced: how to say Guillaume correctly (. Learn more. List of Words Matching Roman Word: Beghairat. Get thousands of audio pronunciations of English; hear words pronounced in both British and American EnglishWithout Islam, these people typically lose their values, behave/think very westernized, and become beghairat. Free download Urdu novels online by Syeda Shahida Shah in PDF format. the fact of many different types of things or people being included in something; a range of…. would be mocked as ‘beghairat insan’ (a person without honour) by their biradri or community. Pronounce AI Free Plan is suitable for individuals who practice speaking English but can't afford Premium or a speech coach. Type in full name and select the appropriate Language. Ais dua ko jab koi bhi shaks musibat ke waqt parhta hai tou Allah aise Sabar deta hai aur ais takleef. Listen to the audio pronunciation in several English accents. Learn more. 5. Listen to the pronunciation of Beghairat Brigade and learn how to pronounce Beghairat Brigade correctly. the image of something in a mirror or on any reflective surface: 2. Learn how Beghairat is pronounced in different countries and languages with audio and phonetic spellings along with additional information, such as, type of name. . . Learn more. Coli (Bacteria, contamination, water, science, pronunciation guide). jump to content. features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as traditions, languages, or…. gear: [noun] clothing, garments. I have asked this question before, but I still cant wrap my head around how a beghairat like Hussain Haqqani (plus his wife) became the US Ambassador. Learn more. Khauf. . This is a term usually associated with TV news anchors, talk-show hosts. छुप कर सुनना. Know the answer of question : what is meaning of Begarat in English? Ghairat in Detail. Approval, Esteem, Honor, Meanness, Praise, Respect, Pride, Ghairat Meaning from Urdu to English is Pudency, and in Urdu it is written as غیرت. MLA format. Showing results for "aa'laa-zarf" aa'laa-zarf. 1x per hour and have a 14% higher close rate. No: a negative. . Find English meaning of mutmain with definition and translation in Rekhta Urdu to English dictionary. a machine controlled by a computer that is used to perform jobs automatically: 2. Alhamdulillah Bhabhi Mehngai Beghairat Ganderi Phupho Kharoos Ehsas e kamtari Raza-e-Ilahi Naib-qasid Ayadat Choot Phudi Jalebi Adayein Roman Urdu to English phudi Meaning in English Last updated November 01, 2023. It is easy to navigate and people like it very much. 1(d), and Paulson v. . Showing results for "aa'laa-zarf" aa'laa-zarf. listen phrasal verb. a government…. the fact of many different types of things or people being included in something; a range of…. Focusing on the difficulties and repeat it slower. The idea that Pakistan and India were one country is a falsehood based on the colonial borders of British India. assumes that political actors will make decisions based on their own benefit, carefully weighing all choices. Kamine aur beghairat dost pehchan | 2 number yar | fake friends | hazrat imam ali quote about friendthis is pure islamic video channel where . popular-all-random-users | AskReddit-funny-worldnews-pics-todayilearned-mildlyinteresting-news-gaming-movies-explainlikeimfive-aww-tifu-videos-TwoXChromosomes-Jokesuse it to reply others from mare memes template channel. if you want Urdu meaning of English words, then please visit English to Urdu Dictionary Online. Words Commonly Mispronounced. something that is translated, or the process of translating something, from one language to…. an adult male human being: 2. Miranjani, also spelt as Meranjani, is the highest hill in the Galiyat region. The word or phrase बेगैरत refers to . How to say amygdala. How to say SHOAIB BEGHAIRAT in English? Pronunciation of SHOAIB BEGHAIRAT with and more for SHOAIB BEGHAIRAT. It. . Fitteh moo is the English equivalent of “facepalm” but in a ruder wayUsing a customer’s name during the sales process has a profound impact on trust, building relationships, and revenue growth. Learn more in the Cambridge German-English Dictionary. How to say Beghairat aurat in Hindi? Pronunciation of Beghairat aurat with 2 audio pronunciations and more for Beghairat aurat. This paper shows how theorizing gender as a social system and a situational accomplishment provides a broad perspective that helps to synthesize many strands of theoretical and empirical. The belief that one's political participation makes a difference. Ping is fairly straightforward; it is pronounced much as it looks in English written form. the planning…. How to say Gaelic in English? Pronunciation of Gaelic with 7 audio pronunciations, 5 synonyms, 1 meaning,. Acquiring accurate pronunciation is a long-tern battle. consumer definition: 1. they must have a secret that the rest of the Muslim world and their scholars haven’t figured out. Hear MORE UNCLEAR NAMES pronounced: of the best things about learning the Greek language is that words are pronounced the way they are written. Learn more German words pronunciations: how to say Deutsche correct. someone who…. Pronunciation Example. Advertisement. Italian pronunciation dictionary - ForvoThe award-winning Say It: English Pronunciation makes pronunciation visual, interactive and easier to learn. Learn more. prog -res. a person who buys goods or services for their own use: 2. Listen to the audio pronunciation in the Cambridge English Dictionary. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, skip pronouncing the first “r” altogether, and the “ce” while you’re at it, and barely say the second “r. Some of them, however, are derogatory and extremely offensive. How do you say Beghairat Brigade? Listen to the audio pronunciation of Beghairat Brigade on pronouncekiwiFind Beghairat Word in Roman Urdu to English Dictionary, Beghairat Translation to English. Find English meaning of mutmain with definition and translation in Rekhta Urdu to English dictionary. Reasons behind Honor Killing in Pakistan For varying reasons, the women of different age groups in Pakistan fall the victim of Honor Killing. According to this model, the JW is a cult. English Sound. This video shows you how to pronounce Behemoth (pronunciation guide). Lean is founded on two pillars: respect for people and continuous improvement. PakDigestNovel also has the facility to Provide the Visitor’s Read Online Option…. In an effort to understand how the world perceives femme bodies, her work has become deeply rooted in the Urdu word “beghairat”, which translates to shameless. Here's a *FREE* cheat sheet that shows you everything you need to know! English meaning of aala-zarf with definition and translation in Rekhta Urdu to English dictionary. “ Word, Part of speech. These findings are reflected in the definition of intimate partner abuse which, according to the WHO (2012), is "one of the most common forms of violence against women and includes physical. . Moin Akhter (also: "معین اختر" Moin Akhtar), (24 December 1950 – 22 April 2011) was a Pakistani television, film and stage artist, humorist, comedian, impersonator, host, writer, singer, director and producer who rose to fame in the era of Radio Pakistan along with his co-actors Anwar Maqsood and Bushra Ansari. After Urdu to English translation of Bay Gairat, If you have issues in pronunciation than you can hear the audio of it in the. You can click on each letter in the chart to hear its Italian name. All the words in the world. The other meanings are Bad Tehazeb, Bad Tameez, Na Shaista, Ganwaar and Kunda Taraash. Beghairat | Best Urdu Moral Story | Sabaq Amoz Urdu Kahani | #urdupoetry | Asif LeghariHEALTH definition: 1. Above is hindi meaning of बेगैरत. . With a focus on concepts of communication within the academic field of communication studies, this chapter organizes conceptions of communication under five broad categories: shaper of public opinion; language use; information transmission; developer of relationships; and definer, interpreter, and critic of culture. project definition: 1. Lean is a never-ending cycle of the elimination of waste. V. A gharib hadith is one in which there is at least one level (or tier. Beghairat Related words and Beghairat Similar words in Urdu. facts about a situation, person, event, etc…. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. If you eavesdrop on someone, you listen secretly to what they are saying. Learn more. If you’re a Bible teacher, Pastor or Christian who wants to know how to pronounce those difficult Bible names correctly, look no further!German pronunciation dictionary - ForvoThe pronunciation of GIF, an acronym for the Graphics Interchange Format, has been disputed since the 1990s. Without. 1 Answer. This is broken down really well in Steven Hassan's BITE model. Internal hardware devices include motherboards , hard drives , and RAM . POLARIZATION definition: 1. Pronounce offers a free plan with limited access. Pronunciation of Ed Endings Rules. As an American, I can assure you that you can use. Plug-ins and extensions allow you to seamlessly integrate NameShouts with whatever software you might be using for work. By simply giving you the dictionary meaning of this word, we will be leaving out many concepts that this word is associated with in Afghan society. Hear more BIBLICAL NAMES pronounced: to pronounce epitome. racist meaning: 1. Learn more. 27 quotes from Bhagavad Gita: 'You have the right to work, but for the work's sake only. Instantly hear a word pronounced on enter. DIVERSITY definition: 1. In addition to this, on the right of the screen is displayed an index of the neighbouring words for which there is a sound file in the Pronunciation Database, while at the top of the. WOKE definition: 1. The Complete Italian Alphabet. If you include multiple topographies of the behavior, consider including separate definitions for the topographies as in the aggression example above. TRANSITION definition: 1. Translation of Beghairat Word in Urdu to English Dictionary, Beghairat Meaning from Urdu to English. The 2022 World Cup is being hosted in Qatar, which, as everyone knows, is pronounced. Focus on difficult sounds each day. Learn more. Learn and practice American English pronunciation with free online lessons and videos. It's FREE! Search. Hear MORE UNCLEAR NAMES pronounced:. com use a subset of IPA to describe mainly the sounds of English. Code Of Behavior: a set of conventional principles and expectations that are considered binding on any person who is a member of a particular group. Ä - der Bär, der Jäger, die Fähre, die Ärzte, mächtig. It is the responsibility of the assessor to determine appropriate 0perational definitions. based on real facts and not influenced by personal…. This chart will tell you how to read the pronunciation symbols. ”. a large group of people with a shared culture, language, history, set of traditions, etc. 词典 集合 测验 社会 贡献 Certificate Get definition and hindi meaning of Begairat in devanagari dictionary. Trekking to Miranjani Top is one of the most popular activities among tourists visiting the area. disease definition: 1. Sentence usage for बेघैरत will be shown here. Tweet. begorrah definition: 1. the way in which a word or letter is…. Showing results for "mutma. Pashtuns back home would never accept these frauds, and neither should we. DoD is a shared understanding among scrum team members of what it means for a product backlog item (PBI) to be considered complete. Yahan बेगैरत ka matlab devanagari hindi dictionary bhasha mai (बेगैरत मतलब हिंदी में) diya gaya hai. a person who buys goods or services…. the money that a person or company has: 3. Find the answer of what is the meaning of बेगैरत in English. ‘ Ghairat’ (pride or honour), is a term that is often heard and used in the Pakistani media these days. This dictionary has huge list of urdu words and their meaning in English. Learn more. Learn how to say PROBLEMATIC WORDS better: Nikah through phone is the same as the usual Nikah. Kaafi dinon se main bhoola hua tha doston ko! Sad quotes about life in urdu. Learn the correct American English pronunciation of the twenty-fifth letter in the alphabet. Our classification highlights distinctions between (a) the relational aspects of the product and or customer, and (b) the relations and interactions among several actors that may have a stake in the product. The definition of quality operates at many levels, including the individual, the organisation, stakeholders, and society at large. Therefore, knowing the leadership style. Create lists of up to 15 entries, like this: cat;cart;cut;caught etc. Hear more FOOD NAMES pronounced: and learn how to. There are three kinds of ahad hadith: mash-hoor, `aziz, and gharib. This video shows you How to Pronounce Trattoria (Italian, Italy, Restaurant), pronunciation guide. 5. that each person…. Just remember that 89% of child sexual abuse were white. How to pronounce amygdala. a…. INFORMATION definition: 1. Find English meaning of ghairat with definition and translation in Rekhta Urdu to English dictionary. As no active threats were reported recently by users, beghairat. He paused, looked at his audience and asked: “Do you know why?”. #BinancePakistan #CryptoPakistan #EasyPaisaIntegrat. eavesdrop intransitive verb. bequeath (third-person singular simple present bequeaths, present participle bequeathing, simple past bequeathed or (obsolete) bequoth, past participle bequeathed or (rare) bequethen or (obsolete) bequothen) ( law) To give or leave by will; to give by testament. It might be a good fit for you if you're an advanced speaker with almost perfect pronunciation and need conversational practice. How many of those 5,000 murderers every year are''BEGHAIRAT'' super hit funny clip || most funny video 2023 || new latest funny videos#tiktok #star #funny #video #funnyshorts #funnyshorts #funnyvideo #gule. What's your preferred first name? Pronunciation: If you're not satisfied with the suggested pronunciation, help us. Learn more. +1 बेघर = VAGABONDS (Noun) Usage : Prostitutes were sometimes charged with being vagabonds and with provoking disorder. Learn more. One suggestion is that it touches on a long anxiety in English over. JUSTICE definition: 1. retrospective voting. The symbol (r) indicates that British pronunciation will have /r/ only if a vowel sound follows directly at the beginning of the next word, as in far away; otherwise the /r/ is omitted. In this conversation. Agar shohar humbistari na karay tou yeh ais ki ikhlaqi zummedari hai ke wo humbistari say inkaar na karay lakin shariyat ne shohar par lazim nahi kiya hai. Abstract. If the page displays the year when the specific entry was last updated, use that year after the dictionary name. Pronounce whenever needed. If you listen in to or on a private conversation, you secretly listen to it. how words are pronounced: 2. beghairat pronunciation - How to properly say beghairat. , caused by infection or a failure of health rather…. How to say ARHAM BEGHAIRAT in English? Pronunciation of ARHAM BEGHAIRAT with 1 audio pronunciation and more for ARHAM BEGHAIRAT. The primary reason to include definitions in your writing is to avoid misunderstanding with your audience. the person whose job is to…. We develop best in class speech recognition technology designed specifically for assessing pronunciation and fluency. an expression of surprise or emphasis, sometimes used to suggest that someone sounds Irish: 2…. Share your name so everyone can learn how to say it right. How to say valet. Video Link : Link :. Learn more. The definition of done (DoD) is part of the scrum framework, while the definition of ready (DoR) is an optional tool. Environment meaning. Listen to the audio pronunciation in the Cambridge English Dictionary. Ghairat Name Meaning. Twitter and Facebook are the two most popular social media platforms, with millions of active users posting billions of. proh -seed. Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence human life. someone who believes that their race makes them better, more intelligent, more moral, etc. Instagram: Username: hassannisar. 2. Learn more. Wait a moment and try again. (49 votes) Very easy. . Get meaning and translation of Begarat in English language with grammar, synonyms and antonyms by ShabdKhoj. Ghairat name meaning is “ Zeal, Self Respect or Vigilant Care ”. . Minimal pairs and listen-and repeat practice helps English Language Learners speak English more fluently and achieve accent reduction. The Dictionary. Meaning of See meaning aa'laa-zarf in English, Hindi &. बे-ग़ैरत • بے غَیرَت Origin: Persian Vazn : 222 English meaning of be-Gairat Hide Adjective shameless, impudent, immodest बे-ग़ैरत के हिंदी अर्थ छुपाइए विशेषण निर्लज्ज, बेहया,. Our technology provides immediate pin-pointed feedback on mistakes. . Hear more useful Italian words pronounced: to pronounce caramel. Forvo: the pronunciation dictionary. In English, the dafa ho jao is referred to as "Avaunt" and it is driven by the English language. 发音 beghairat 1 音, 更为 beghairat. A ghareeb hadeeth is one in which there is some kind of uniqueness. generation definition: 1. in. Meaning of See meaning aa'laa-zarf in English, Hindi &. This paper concludes that all. There are six vowels (a, e, i, o, u, y) in the French alphabet, but there are 19 vowel sounds: 12 oral, four nasal, and 3 for the semi-vowels (two vowels pronounced together). However an explanation, prevalent is, the murder and forced suicide in the name of. Learn more. It aims to describe all words of all languages using definitions and descriptions in English. Beghairat Related words and Beghairat Similar words in Roman Urdu. There is not an ounce of Pashtun left in them besides speaking the language. A language that's always changing and adding new words, English is a challenging one to learn, as it is full of quirks and exceptions. It is a kind of ahad hadith, which means that it's not narrated through an abundance of narrators at each level of the chain. The Greek alphabet has 24 letters, some of them representing. 95 and have a daily income of around $ 0. Han bhai, hum apne bc chowkidaar ko nahi kahain ge k dafa ho aur gate k bahar ja kar apni asli naukri karo. When people hear the term “innovation,” they tend to think of new-to-the-world gadgets that fundamentally change how we live our lives. Beghairat Related words and Beghairat Similar words in English to Urdu Dictionary. Experimental Group Definition. It is easy to navigate and people like it very much. بزرگوں کی فلاحی تنظیم : Aarp , رسوا کروانا : Attaint , منھ کے بل جھکا ہوا پودا : Action Plant , چھونے کا احساس : Feeling , ردعمل : Behavior , ضابطہ : Code Of Behavior , انکار : No , شخص :. HowToPronounce. the condition of the body and the degree to which it is free from illness, or the state of being…. All the words in the world. Dictionary Name,. Learn more word pronunciations from the Bible: how to say Tychicus. the policy of keeping one group of people apart from another and treating them differently…. Very difficult. They can listen in on mobile phone conversations. Feel the air move over the top of your tongue. aware, especially of social problems such as racism and inequality: 3…. Pronunciations on Dictionary. relating to the standards of good or bad behaviour, fairness, honesty, etc. Hum baki har bande ko keh dain ge k woh apni awaaz na uthaaye. Learn more. Go through this list of more than 250 commonly mispronounced words, places, and brands to avoid. TRANSLATION definition: 1. .